From ac7c48b4dee99d4c772f133d70d8d1b38262fcd2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Author Name <david@rowetel.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Jul 2023 12:20:59 +0930
Subject: shallow zip-file copy from codec2 e9d726bf20

---
 src/quantise.c | 1238 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 1238 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 src/quantise.c

(limited to 'src/quantise.c')

diff --git a/src/quantise.c b/src/quantise.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36af5f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/quantise.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1238 @@
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FILE........: quantise.c
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 31/5/92
+
+  Quantisation functions for the sinusoidal coder.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+/*
+  All rights reserved.
+
+  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1, as
+  published by the Free Software Foundation.  This program is
+  distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
+  WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public
+  License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+  along with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+*/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "defines.h"
+#include "dump.h"
+#include "quantise.h"
+#include "lpc.h"
+#include "lsp.h"
+#include "codec2_fft.h"
+#include "phase.h"
+#include "mbest.h"
+
+#undef PROFILE
+#include "machdep.h"
+
+#define LSP_DELTA1 0.01         /* grid spacing for LSP root searches */
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+                          FUNCTION HEADERS
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+float speech_to_uq_lsps(float lsp[], float ak[], float Sn[], float w[],
+			int m_pitch, int order);
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+                             FUNCTIONS
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+int lsp_bits(int i) {
+    return lsp_cb[i].log2m;
+}
+
+int lspd_bits(int i) {
+    return lsp_cbd[i].log2m;
+}
+
+int lsp_pred_vq_bits(int i) {
+    return lsp_cbjmv[i].log2m;
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  quantise
+
+  Quantises vec by choosing the nearest vector in codebook cb, and
+  returns the vector index.  The squared error of the quantised vector
+  is added to se.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+long quantise(const float * cb, float vec[], float w[], int k, int m, float *se)
+/* float   cb[][K];	current VQ codebook		*/
+/* float   vec[];	vector to quantise		*/
+/* float   w[];         weighting vector                */
+/* int	   k;		dimension of vectors		*/
+/* int     m;		size of codebook		*/
+/* float   *se;		accumulated squared error 	*/
+{
+   float   e;		/* current error		*/
+   long	   besti;	/* best index so far		*/
+   float   beste;	/* best error so far		*/
+   long	   j;
+   int     i;
+   float   diff;
+
+   besti = 0;
+   beste = 1E32;
+   for(j=0; j<m; j++) {
+	e = 0.0;
+	for(i=0; i<k; i++) {
+	    diff = cb[j*k+i]-vec[i];
+	    e += (diff*w[i] * diff*w[i]);
+	}
+	if (e < beste) {
+	    beste = e;
+	    besti = j;
+	}
+   }
+
+   *se += beste;
+
+   return(besti);
+}
+
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  encode_lspds_scalar()
+
+  Scalar/VQ LSP difference-in-frequency quantiser.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void encode_lspds_scalar(
+		 int   indexes[],
+		 float lsp[],
+		 int   order
+)
+{
+    int   i,k,m;
+    float lsp_hz[order];
+    float lsp__hz[order];
+    float dlsp[order];
+    float dlsp_[order];
+    float wt[order];
+    const float *cb;
+    float se;
+
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++) {
+	wt[i] = 1.0;
+    }
+
+    /* convert from radians to Hz so we can use human readable
+       frequencies */
+
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++)
+	lsp_hz[i] = (4000.0/PI)*lsp[i];
+
+    wt[0] = 1.0;
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++) {
+
+	/* find difference from previous quantised lsp */
+
+	if (i)
+	    dlsp[i] = lsp_hz[i] - lsp__hz[i-1];
+	else
+	    dlsp[0] = lsp_hz[0];
+
+	k = lsp_cbd[i].k;
+	m = lsp_cbd[i].m;
+	cb = lsp_cbd[i].cb;
+	indexes[i] = quantise(cb, &dlsp[i], wt, k, m, &se);
+ 	dlsp_[i] = cb[indexes[i]*k];
+
+	if (i)
+	    lsp__hz[i] = lsp__hz[i-1] + dlsp_[i];
+	else
+	    lsp__hz[0] = dlsp_[0];
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+void decode_lspds_scalar(
+		 float lsp_[],
+		 int   indexes[],
+		 int   order
+)
+{
+    int   i,k;
+    float lsp__hz[order];
+    float dlsp_[order];
+    const float *cb;
+
+     for(i=0; i<order; i++) {
+
+	k = lsp_cbd[i].k;
+	cb = lsp_cbd[i].cb;
+ 	dlsp_[i] = cb[indexes[i]*k];
+
+	if (i)
+	    lsp__hz[i] = lsp__hz[i-1] + dlsp_[i];
+	else
+	    lsp__hz[0] = dlsp_[0];
+
+	lsp_[i] = (PI/4000.0)*lsp__hz[i];
+    }
+
+}
+
+#define MIN(a,b) ((a)<(b)?(a):(b))
+#define MAX_ENTRIES 16384
+
+void compute_weights(const float *x, float *w, int ndim)
+{
+  int i;
+  w[0] = MIN(x[0], x[1]-x[0]);
+  for (i=1;i<ndim-1;i++)
+    w[i] = MIN(x[i]-x[i-1], x[i+1]-x[i]);
+  w[ndim-1] = MIN(x[ndim-1]-x[ndim-2], PI-x[ndim-1]);
+
+  for (i=0;i<ndim;i++)
+    w[i] = 1./(.01+w[i]);
+}
+
+int find_nearest(const float *codebook, int nb_entries, float *x, int ndim)
+{
+  int i, j;
+  float min_dist = 1e15;
+  int nearest = 0;
+
+  for (i=0;i<nb_entries;i++)
+  {
+    float dist=0;
+    for (j=0;j<ndim;j++)
+      dist += (x[j]-codebook[i*ndim+j])*(x[j]-codebook[i*ndim+j]);
+    if (dist<min_dist)
+    {
+      min_dist = dist;
+      nearest = i;
+    }
+  }
+  return nearest;
+}
+
+int find_nearest_weighted(const float *codebook, int nb_entries, float *x, const float *w, int ndim)
+{
+  int i, j;
+  float min_dist = 1e15;
+  int nearest = 0;
+
+  for (i=0;i<nb_entries;i++)
+  {
+    float dist=0;
+    for (j=0;j<ndim;j++)
+      dist += w[j]*(x[j]-codebook[i*ndim+j])*(x[j]-codebook[i*ndim+j]);
+    if (dist<min_dist)
+    {
+      min_dist = dist;
+      nearest = i;
+    }
+  }
+  return nearest;
+}
+
+void lspjmv_quantise(float *x, float *xq, int order)
+{
+  int i, n1, n2, n3;
+  float err[order], err2[order], err3[order];
+  float w[order], w2[order], w3[order];
+  const float *codebook1 = lsp_cbjmv[0].cb;
+  const float *codebook2 = lsp_cbjmv[1].cb;
+  const float *codebook3 = lsp_cbjmv[2].cb;
+
+  w[0] = MIN(x[0], x[1]-x[0]);
+  for (i=1;i<order-1;i++)
+    w[i] = MIN(x[i]-x[i-1], x[i+1]-x[i]);
+  w[order-1] = MIN(x[order-1]-x[order-2], PI-x[order-1]);
+
+  compute_weights(x, w, order);
+
+  n1 = find_nearest(codebook1, lsp_cbjmv[0].m, x, order);
+
+  for (i=0;i<order;i++)
+  {
+    xq[i] = codebook1[order*n1+i];
+    err[i] = x[i] - xq[i];
+  }
+  for (i=0;i<order/2;i++)
+  {
+    err2[i] = err[2*i];
+    err3[i] = err[2*i+1];
+    w2[i] = w[2*i];
+    w3[i] = w[2*i+1];
+  }
+  n2 = find_nearest_weighted(codebook2, lsp_cbjmv[1].m, err2, w2, order/2);
+  n3 = find_nearest_weighted(codebook3, lsp_cbjmv[2].m, err3, w3, order/2);
+
+  for (i=0;i<order/2;i++)
+  {
+    xq[2*i] += codebook2[order*n2/2+i];
+    xq[2*i+1] += codebook3[order*n3/2+i];
+  }
+}
+
+int check_lsp_order(float lsp[], int order)
+{
+    int   i;
+    float tmp;
+    int   swaps = 0;
+
+    for(i=1; i<order; i++)
+	if (lsp[i] < lsp[i-1]) {
+	    //fprintf(stderr, "swap %d\n",i);
+	    swaps++;
+	    tmp = lsp[i-1];
+	    lsp[i-1] = lsp[i]-0.1;
+	    lsp[i] = tmp+0.1;
+            i = 1; /* start check again, as swap may have caused out of order */
+	}
+
+    return swaps;
+}
+
+void force_min_lsp_dist(float lsp[], int order)
+{
+    int   i;
+
+    for(i=1; i<order; i++)
+	if ((lsp[i]-lsp[i-1]) < 0.01) {
+	    lsp[i] += 0.01;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+   lpc_post_filter()
+
+   Applies a post filter to the LPC synthesis filter power spectrum
+   Pw, which suppresses the inter-formant energy.
+
+   The algorithm is from p267 (Section 8.6) of "Digital Speech",
+   edited by A.M. Kondoz, 1994 published by Wiley and Sons.  Chapter 8
+   of this text is on the MBE vocoder, and this is a freq domain
+   adaptation of post filtering commonly used in CELP.
+
+   I used the Octave simulation lpcpf.m to get an understanding of the
+   algorithm.
+
+   Requires two more FFTs which is significantly more MIPs.  However
+   it should be possible to implement this more efficiently in the
+   time domain.  Just not sure how to handle relative time delays
+   between the synthesis stage and updating these coeffs.  A smaller
+   FFT size might also be acceptable to save CPU.
+
+   TODO:
+   [ ] sync var names between Octave and C version
+   [ ] doc gain normalisation
+   [ ] I think the first FFT is not rqd as we do the same
+       thing in aks_to_M2().
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void lpc_post_filter(codec2_fftr_cfg fftr_fwd_cfg, float Pw[], float ak[],
+                     int order, int dump, float beta, float gamma, int bass_boost, float E)
+{
+    int   i;
+    float x[FFT_ENC];   /* input to FFTs                */
+    COMP  Ww[FFT_ENC/2+1];  /* weighting spectrum           */
+    float Rw[FFT_ENC/2+1];  /* R = WA                       */
+    float e_before, e_after, gain;
+    float Pfw;
+    float max_Rw, min_Rw;
+    float coeff;
+    PROFILE_VAR(tstart, tfft1, taw, tfft2, tww, tr);
+
+    PROFILE_SAMPLE(tstart);
+
+    /* Determine weighting filter spectrum W(exp(jw)) ---------------*/
+
+    for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC; i++) {
+	x[i] = 0.0;
+    }
+
+    x[0]  = ak[0];
+    coeff = gamma;
+    for(i=1; i<=order; i++) {
+	x[i] = ak[i] * coeff;
+        coeff *= gamma;
+    }
+    codec2_fftr(fftr_fwd_cfg, x, Ww);
+
+    PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG(tfft2, taw, "        fft2");
+
+    for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+	Ww[i].real = Ww[i].real*Ww[i].real + Ww[i].imag*Ww[i].imag;
+    }
+
+    PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG(tww, tfft2, "        Ww");
+
+    /* Determined combined filter R = WA ---------------------------*/
+
+    max_Rw = 0.0; min_Rw = 1E32;
+    for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+	Rw[i] = sqrtf(Ww[i].real * Pw[i]);
+	if (Rw[i] > max_Rw)
+	    max_Rw = Rw[i];
+	if (Rw[i] < min_Rw)
+	    min_Rw = Rw[i];
+
+    }
+
+    PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG(tr, tww, "        R");
+
+    #ifdef DUMP
+    if (dump)
+      dump_Rw(Rw);
+    #endif
+
+    /* create post filter mag spectrum and apply ------------------*/
+
+    /* measure energy before post filtering */
+
+    e_before = 1E-4;
+    for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++)
+	e_before += Pw[i];
+
+    /* apply post filter and measure energy  */
+
+    #ifdef DUMP
+    if (dump)
+	dump_Pwb(Pw);
+    #endif
+
+
+    e_after = 1E-4;
+    for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+        Pfw = powf(Rw[i], beta);
+        Pw[i] *= Pfw * Pfw;
+        e_after += Pw[i];
+    }
+    gain = e_before/e_after;
+
+    /* apply gain factor to normalise energy, and LPC Energy */
+
+    gain *= E;
+    for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+	Pw[i] *= gain;
+    }
+
+    if (bass_boost) {
+        /* add 3dB to first 1 kHz to account for LP effect of PF */
+
+        for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/8; i++) {
+            Pw[i] *= 1.4*1.4;
+        }
+    }
+
+    PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG2(tr, "        filt");
+}
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+   aks_to_M2()
+
+   Transforms the linear prediction coefficients to spectral amplitude
+   samples.  This function determines A(m) from the average energy per
+   band using an FFT.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void aks_to_M2(
+  codec2_fftr_cfg  fftr_fwd_cfg,
+  float         ak[],	     /* LPC's */
+  int           order,
+  MODEL        *model,	     /* sinusoidal model parameters for this frame */
+  float         E,	     /* energy term */
+  float        *snr,	     /* signal to noise ratio for this frame in dB */
+  int           dump,        /* true to dump sample to dump file */
+  int           sim_pf,      /* true to simulate a post filter */
+  int           pf,          /* true to enable actual LPC post filter */
+  int           bass_boost,  /* enable LPC filter 0-1kHz 3dB boost */
+  float         beta,
+  float         gamma,       /* LPC post filter parameters */
+  COMP          Aw[]         /* output power spectrum */
+)
+{
+  int i,m;		/* loop variables */
+  int am,bm;		/* limits of current band */
+  float r;		/* no. rads/bin */
+  float Em;		/* energy in band */
+  float Am;		/* spectral amplitude sample */
+  float signal, noise;
+  PROFILE_VAR(tstart, tfft, tpw, tpf);
+
+  PROFILE_SAMPLE(tstart);
+
+  r = TWO_PI/(FFT_ENC);
+
+  /* Determine DFT of A(exp(jw)) --------------------------------------------*/
+  {
+      float a[FFT_ENC];  /* input to FFT for power spectrum */
+
+      for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC; i++) {
+          a[i] = 0.0;
+      }
+
+      for(i=0; i<=order; i++)
+          a[i] = ak[i];
+      codec2_fftr(fftr_fwd_cfg, a, Aw);
+  }
+  PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG(tfft, tstart, "      fft");
+
+  /* Determine power spectrum P(w) = E/(A(exp(jw))^2 ------------------------*/
+
+  float Pw[FFT_ENC/2];
+
+#ifndef FDV_ARM_MATH
+  for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+    Pw[i] = 1.0/(Aw[i].real*Aw[i].real + Aw[i].imag*Aw[i].imag + 1E-6);
+  }
+#else
+  // this difference may seem strange, but the gcc for STM32F4 generates almost 5 times
+  // faster code with the two loops: 1120 ms -> 242 ms
+  // so please leave it as is or improve further
+  // since this code is called 4 times it results in almost 4ms gain (21ms -> 17ms per audio frame decode @ 1300 )
+
+  for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++)
+  {
+      Pw[i] = Aw[i].real * Aw[i].real + Aw[i].imag * Aw[i].imag  + 1E-6;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+      Pw[i] = 1.0/(Pw[i]);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG(tpw, tfft, "      Pw");
+
+  if (pf)
+      lpc_post_filter(fftr_fwd_cfg, Pw, ak, order, dump, beta, gamma, bass_boost, E);
+  else {
+      for(i=0; i<FFT_ENC/2; i++) {
+          Pw[i] *= E;
+      }
+  }
+
+  PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG(tpf, tpw, "      LPC post filter");
+
+  #ifdef DUMP
+  if (dump)
+      dump_Pw(Pw);
+  #endif
+
+  /* Determine magnitudes from P(w) ----------------------------------------*/
+
+  /* when used just by decoder {A} might be all zeroes so init signal
+     and noise to prevent log(0) errors */
+
+  signal = 1E-30; noise = 1E-32;
+
+  for(m=1; m<=model->L; m++) {
+      am = (int)((m - 0.5)*model->Wo/r + 0.5);
+      bm = (int)((m + 0.5)*model->Wo/r + 0.5);
+
+      // FIXME: With arm_rfft_fast_f32 we have to use this
+      // otherwise sometimes a to high bm is calculated
+      // which causes trouble later in the calculation
+      // chain
+      // it seems for some reason model->Wo is calculated somewhat too high
+      if (bm>FFT_ENC/2)
+      {
+          bm = FFT_ENC/2;
+      }
+      Em = 0.0;
+
+      for(i=am; i<bm; i++)
+          Em += Pw[i];
+      Am = sqrtf(Em);
+
+      signal += model->A[m]*model->A[m];
+      noise  += (model->A[m] - Am)*(model->A[m] - Am);
+
+      /* This code significantly improves perf of LPC model, in
+         particular when combined with phase0.  The LPC spectrum tends
+         to track just under the peaks of the spectral envelope, and
+         just above nulls.  This algorithm does the reverse to
+         compensate - raising the amplitudes of spectral peaks, while
+         attenuating the null.  This enhances the formants, and
+         suppresses the energy between formants. */
+
+      if (sim_pf) {
+          if (Am > model->A[m])
+              Am *= 0.7;
+          if (Am < model->A[m])
+              Am *= 1.4;
+      }
+      model->A[m] = Am;
+  }
+  *snr = 10.0*log10f(signal/noise);
+
+  PROFILE_SAMPLE_AND_LOG2(tpf, "      rec");
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: encode_Wo()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Encodes Wo using a WO_LEVELS quantiser.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+int encode_Wo(C2CONST *c2const, float Wo, int bits)
+{
+    int   index, Wo_levels = 1<<bits;
+    float Wo_min = c2const->Wo_min;
+    float Wo_max = c2const->Wo_max;
+    float norm;
+
+    norm = (Wo - Wo_min)/(Wo_max - Wo_min);
+    index = floorf(Wo_levels * norm + 0.5);
+    if (index < 0 ) index = 0;
+    if (index > (Wo_levels-1)) index = Wo_levels-1;
+
+    return index;
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: decode_Wo()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Decodes Wo using a WO_LEVELS quantiser.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+float decode_Wo(C2CONST *c2const, int index, int bits)
+{
+    float Wo_min = c2const->Wo_min;
+    float Wo_max = c2const->Wo_max;
+    float step;
+    float Wo;
+    int   Wo_levels = 1<<bits;
+
+    step = (Wo_max - Wo_min)/Wo_levels;
+    Wo   = Wo_min + step*(index);
+
+    return Wo;
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: encode_log_Wo()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Encodes Wo in the log domain using a WO_LEVELS quantiser.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+int encode_log_Wo(C2CONST *c2const, float Wo, int bits)
+{
+    int   index, Wo_levels = 1<<bits;
+    float Wo_min = c2const->Wo_min;
+    float Wo_max = c2const->Wo_max;
+    float norm;
+
+    norm = (log10f(Wo) - log10f(Wo_min))/(log10f(Wo_max) - log10f(Wo_min));
+    index = floorf(Wo_levels * norm + 0.5);
+    if (index < 0 ) index = 0;
+    if (index > (Wo_levels-1)) index = Wo_levels-1;
+
+    return index;
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: decode_log_Wo()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Decodes Wo using a WO_LEVELS quantiser in the log domain.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+float decode_log_Wo(C2CONST *c2const, int index, int bits)
+{
+    float Wo_min = c2const->Wo_min;
+    float Wo_max = c2const->Wo_max;
+    float step;
+    float Wo;
+    int   Wo_levels = 1<<bits;
+
+    step = (log10f(Wo_max) - log10f(Wo_min))/Wo_levels;
+    Wo   = log10f(Wo_min) + step*(index);
+
+    return POW10F(Wo);
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: speech_to_uq_lsps()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Analyse a windowed frame of time domain speech to determine LPCs
+  which are the converted to LSPs for quantisation and transmission
+  over the channel.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+float speech_to_uq_lsps(float lsp[],
+			float ak[],
+		        float Sn[],
+		        float w[],
+		        int m_pitch,
+                        int   order
+)
+{
+    int   i, roots;
+    float Wn[m_pitch];
+    float R[order+1];
+    float e, E;
+
+    e = 0.0;
+    for(i=0; i<m_pitch; i++) {
+	Wn[i] = Sn[i]*w[i];
+	e += Wn[i]*Wn[i];
+    }
+
+    /* trap 0 energy case as LPC analysis will fail */
+
+    if (e == 0.0) {
+	for(i=0; i<order; i++)
+	    lsp[i] = (PI/order)*(float)i;
+	return 0.0;
+    }
+
+    autocorrelate(Wn, R, m_pitch, order);
+    levinson_durbin(R, ak, order);
+
+    E = 0.0;
+    for(i=0; i<=order; i++)
+	E += ak[i]*R[i];
+
+    /* 15 Hz BW expansion as I can't hear the difference and it may help
+       help occasional fails in the LSP root finding.  Important to do this
+       after energy calculation to avoid -ve energy values.
+    */
+
+    for(i=0; i<=order; i++)
+	ak[i] *= powf(0.994,(float)i);
+
+    roots = lpc_to_lsp(ak, order, lsp, 5, LSP_DELTA1);
+    if (roots != order) {
+	/* if root finding fails use some benign LSP values instead */
+	for(i=0; i<order; i++)
+	    lsp[i] = (PI/order)*(float)i;
+    }
+
+    return E;
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: encode_lsps_scalar()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Scalar LSP quantiser. From a vector of unquantised (floating point)
+  LSPs finds the quantised LSP indexes.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void encode_lsps_scalar(int indexes[], float lsp[], int order)
+{
+    int    i,k,m;
+    float  wt[1];
+    float  lsp_hz[order];
+    const float * cb;
+    float se;
+
+    /* convert from radians to Hz so we can use human readable
+       frequencies */
+
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++)
+	lsp_hz[i] = (4000.0/PI)*lsp[i];
+
+    /* scalar quantisers */
+
+    wt[0] = 1.0;
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++) {
+	k = lsp_cb[i].k;
+	m = lsp_cb[i].m;
+	cb = lsp_cb[i].cb;
+	indexes[i] = quantise(cb, &lsp_hz[i], wt, k, m, &se);
+    }
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: decode_lsps_scalar()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  From a vector of quantised LSP indexes, returns the quantised
+  (floating point) LSPs.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void decode_lsps_scalar(float lsp[], int indexes[], int order)
+{
+    int    i,k;
+    float  lsp_hz[order];
+    const float * cb;
+
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++) {
+	k = lsp_cb[i].k;
+	cb = lsp_cb[i].cb;
+	lsp_hz[i] = cb[indexes[i]*k];
+    }
+
+    /* convert back to radians */
+
+    for(i=0; i<order; i++)
+	lsp[i] = (PI/4000.0)*lsp_hz[i];
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: encode_lsps_vq()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 15 Feb 2012
+
+  Multi-stage VQ LSP quantiser developed by Jean-Marc Valin.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void encode_lsps_vq(int *indexes, float *x, float *xq, int order)
+{
+  int i, n1, n2, n3;
+  float err[order], err2[order], err3[order];
+  float w[order], w2[order], w3[order];
+  const float *codebook1 = lsp_cbjmv[0].cb;
+  const float *codebook2 = lsp_cbjmv[1].cb;
+  const float *codebook3 = lsp_cbjmv[2].cb;
+
+  w[0] = MIN(x[0], x[1]-x[0]);
+  for (i=1;i<order-1;i++)
+    w[i] = MIN(x[i]-x[i-1], x[i+1]-x[i]);
+  w[order-1] = MIN(x[order-1]-x[order-2], PI-x[order-1]);
+
+  compute_weights(x, w, order);
+
+  n1 = find_nearest(codebook1, lsp_cbjmv[0].m, x, order);
+
+  for (i=0;i<order;i++)
+  {
+    xq[i]  = codebook1[order*n1+i];
+    err[i] = x[i] - xq[i];
+  }
+  for (i=0;i<order/2;i++)
+  {
+    err2[i] = err[2*i];
+    err3[i] = err[2*i+1];
+    w2[i] = w[2*i];
+    w3[i] = w[2*i+1];
+  }
+  n2 = find_nearest_weighted(codebook2, lsp_cbjmv[1].m, err2, w2, order/2);
+  n3 = find_nearest_weighted(codebook3, lsp_cbjmv[2].m, err3, w3, order/2);
+
+  indexes[0] = n1;
+  indexes[1] = n2;
+  indexes[2] = n3;
+}
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: decode_lsps_vq()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 15 Feb 2012
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void decode_lsps_vq(int *indexes, float *xq, int order, int stages)
+{
+  int i, n1, n2, n3;
+  const float *codebook1 = lsp_cbjmv[0].cb;
+  const float *codebook2 = lsp_cbjmv[1].cb;
+  const float *codebook3 = lsp_cbjmv[2].cb;
+
+  n1 = indexes[0];
+  n2 = indexes[1];
+  n3 = indexes[2];
+
+  for (i=0;i<order;i++) {
+      xq[i] = codebook1[order*n1+i];
+  }
+
+  if (stages != 1) {
+      for (i=0;i<order/2;i++) {
+          xq[2*i] += codebook2[order*n2/2+i];
+          xq[2*i+1] += codebook3[order*n3/2+i];
+      }
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: bw_expand_lsps()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Applies Bandwidth Expansion (BW) to a vector of LSPs.  Prevents any
+  two LSPs getting too close together after quantisation.  We know
+  from experiment that LSP quantisation errors < 12.5Hz (25Hz step
+  size) are inaudible so we use that as the minimum LSP separation.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void bw_expand_lsps(float lsp[], int order, float min_sep_low, float min_sep_high)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for(i=1; i<4; i++) {
+
+	if ((lsp[i] - lsp[i-1]) < min_sep_low*(PI/4000.0))
+	    lsp[i] = lsp[i-1] + min_sep_low*(PI/4000.0);
+
+    }
+
+    /* As quantiser gaps increased, larger BW expansion was required
+       to prevent twinkly noises.  This may need more experiment for
+       different quanstisers.
+    */
+
+    for(i=4; i<order; i++) {
+	if (lsp[i] - lsp[i-1] < min_sep_high*(PI/4000.0))
+	    lsp[i] = lsp[i-1] + min_sep_high*(PI/4000.0);
+    }
+}
+
+void bw_expand_lsps2(float lsp[],
+		    int   order
+)
+{
+    int i;
+
+    for(i=1; i<4; i++) {
+
+	if ((lsp[i] - lsp[i-1]) < 100.0*(PI/4000.0))
+	    lsp[i] = lsp[i-1] + 100.0*(PI/4000.0);
+
+    }
+
+    /* As quantiser gaps increased, larger BW expansion was required
+       to prevent twinkly noises.  This may need more experiment for
+       different quanstisers.
+    */
+
+    for(i=4; i<order; i++) {
+	if (lsp[i] - lsp[i-1] < 200.0*(PI/4000.0))
+	    lsp[i] = lsp[i-1] + 200.0*(PI/4000.0);
+    }
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: apply_lpc_correction()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Apply first harmonic LPC correction at decoder.  This helps improve
+  low pitch males after LPC modelling, like hts1a and morig.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void apply_lpc_correction(MODEL *model)
+{
+    if (model->Wo < (PI*150.0/4000)) {
+	model->A[1] *= 0.032;
+    }
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: encode_energy()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Encodes LPC energy using an E_LEVELS quantiser.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+int encode_energy(float e, int bits)
+{
+    int   index, e_levels = 1<<bits;
+    float e_min = E_MIN_DB;
+    float e_max = E_MAX_DB;
+    float norm;
+
+    e = 10.0*log10f(e);
+    norm = (e - e_min)/(e_max - e_min);
+    index = floorf(e_levels * norm + 0.5);
+    if (index < 0 ) index = 0;
+    if (index > (e_levels-1)) index = e_levels-1;
+
+    return index;
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: decode_energy()
+  AUTHOR......: David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 22/8/2010
+
+  Decodes energy using a E_LEVELS quantiser.
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+float decode_energy(int index, int bits)
+{
+    float e_min = E_MIN_DB;
+    float e_max = E_MAX_DB;
+    float step;
+    float e;
+    int   e_levels = 1<<bits;
+
+    step = (e_max - e_min)/e_levels;
+    e    = e_min + step*(index);
+    e    = POW10F(e/10.0);
+
+    return e;
+}
+
+
+static float ge_coeff[2] = {0.8, 0.9};
+
+void compute_weights2(const float *x, const float *xp, float *w)
+{
+  w[0] = 30;
+  w[1] = 1;
+  if (x[1]<0)
+  {
+     w[0] *= .6;
+     w[1] *= .3;
+  }
+  if (x[1]<-10)
+  {
+     w[0] *= .3;
+     w[1] *= .3;
+  }
+  /* Higher weight if pitch is stable */
+  if (fabsf(x[0]-xp[0])<.2)
+  {
+     w[0] *= 2;
+     w[1] *= 1.5;
+  } else if (fabsf(x[0]-xp[0])>.5) /* Lower if not stable */
+  {
+     w[0] *= .5;
+  }
+
+  /* Lower weight for low energy */
+  if (x[1] < xp[1]-10)
+  {
+     w[1] *= .5;
+  }
+  if (x[1] < xp[1]-20)
+  {
+     w[1] *= .5;
+  }
+
+  //w[0] = 30;
+  //w[1] = 1;
+
+  /* Square the weights because it's applied on the squared error */
+  w[0] *= w[0];
+  w[1] *= w[1];
+
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: quantise_WoE()
+  AUTHOR......: Jean-Marc Valin & David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 29 Feb 2012
+
+  Experimental joint Wo and LPC energy vector quantiser developed by
+  Jean-Marc Valin.  Exploits correlations between the difference in
+  the log pitch and log energy from frame to frame.  For example
+  both the pitch and energy tend to only change by small amounts
+  during voiced speech, however it is important that these changes be
+  coded carefully.  During unvoiced speech they both change a lot but
+  the ear is less sensitive to errors so coarser quantisation is OK.
+
+  The ear is sensitive to log energy and loq pitch so we quantise in
+  these domains.  That way the error measure used to quantise the
+  values is close to way the ear senses errors.
+
+  See http://jmspeex.livejournal.com/10446.html
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void quantise_WoE(C2CONST *c2const, MODEL *model, float *e, float xq[])
+{
+  int          i, n1;
+  float        x[2];
+  float        err[2];
+  float        w[2];
+  const float *codebook1 = ge_cb[0].cb;
+  int          nb_entries = ge_cb[0].m;
+  int          ndim = ge_cb[0].k;
+  float Wo_min = c2const->Wo_min;
+  float Wo_max = c2const->Wo_max;
+  float Fs = c2const->Fs;
+
+  /* VQ is only trained for Fs = 8000 Hz */
+
+  assert(Fs == 8000);
+
+  x[0] = log10f((model->Wo/PI)*4000.0/50.0)/log10f(2);
+  x[1] = 10.0*log10f(1e-4 + *e);
+
+  compute_weights2(x, xq, w);
+  for (i=0;i<ndim;i++)
+    err[i] = x[i]-ge_coeff[i]*xq[i];
+  n1 = find_nearest_weighted(codebook1, nb_entries, err, w, ndim);
+
+  for (i=0;i<ndim;i++)
+  {
+    xq[i] = ge_coeff[i]*xq[i] + codebook1[ndim*n1+i];
+    err[i] -= codebook1[ndim*n1+i];
+  }
+
+  /*
+    x = log2(4000*Wo/(PI*50));
+    2^x = 4000*Wo/(PI*50)
+    Wo = (2^x)*(PI*50)/4000;
+  */
+
+  model->Wo = powf(2.0, xq[0])*(PI*50.0)/4000.0;
+
+  /* bit errors can make us go out of range leading to all sorts of
+     probs like seg faults */
+
+  if (model->Wo > Wo_max) model->Wo = Wo_max;
+  if (model->Wo < Wo_min) model->Wo = Wo_min;
+
+  model->L  = PI/model->Wo; /* if we quantise Wo re-compute L */
+
+  *e = POW10F(xq[1]/10.0);
+}
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: encode_WoE()
+  AUTHOR......: Jean-Marc Valin & David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 11 May 2012
+
+  Joint Wo and LPC energy vector quantiser developed my Jean-Marc
+  Valin.  Returns index, and updated states xq[].
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+int encode_WoE(MODEL *model, float e, float xq[])
+{
+  int          i, n1;
+  float        x[2];
+  float        err[2];
+  float        w[2];
+  const float *codebook1 = ge_cb[0].cb;
+  int          nb_entries = ge_cb[0].m;
+  int          ndim = ge_cb[0].k;
+
+  assert((1<<WO_E_BITS) == nb_entries);
+
+  if (e < 0.0) e = 0;  /* occasional small negative energies due LPC round off I guess */
+
+  x[0] = log10f((model->Wo/PI)*4000.0/50.0)/log10f(2);
+  x[1] = 10.0*log10f(1e-4 + e);
+
+  compute_weights2(x, xq, w);
+  for (i=0;i<ndim;i++)
+    err[i] = x[i]-ge_coeff[i]*xq[i];
+  n1 = find_nearest_weighted(codebook1, nb_entries, err, w, ndim);
+
+  for (i=0;i<ndim;i++)
+  {
+    xq[i] = ge_coeff[i]*xq[i] + codebook1[ndim*n1+i];
+    err[i] -= codebook1[ndim*n1+i];
+  }
+
+  //printf("enc: %f %f (%f)(%f) \n", xq[0], xq[1], e, 10.0*log10(1e-4 + e));
+  return n1;
+}
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*\
+
+  FUNCTION....: decode_WoE()
+  AUTHOR......: Jean-Marc Valin & David Rowe
+  DATE CREATED: 11 May 2012
+
+  Joint Wo and LPC energy vector quantiser developed my Jean-Marc
+  Valin.  Given index and states xq[], returns Wo & E, and updates
+  states xq[].
+
+\*---------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+void decode_WoE(C2CONST *c2const, MODEL *model, float *e, float xq[], int n1)
+{
+  int          i;
+  const float *codebook1 = ge_cb[0].cb;
+  int          ndim = ge_cb[0].k;
+  float Wo_min = c2const->Wo_min;
+  float Wo_max = c2const->Wo_max;
+
+  for (i=0;i<ndim;i++)
+  {
+    xq[i] = ge_coeff[i]*xq[i] + codebook1[ndim*n1+i];
+  }
+
+  //printf("dec: %f %f\n", xq[0], xq[1]);
+  model->Wo = powf(2.0, xq[0])*(PI*50.0)/4000.0;
+
+  /* bit errors can make us go out of range leading to all sorts of
+     probs like seg faults */
+
+  if (model->Wo > Wo_max) model->Wo = Wo_max;
+  if (model->Wo < Wo_min) model->Wo = Wo_min;
+
+  model->L  = PI/model->Wo; /* if we quantise Wo re-compute L */
+
+  *e = POW10F(xq[1]/10.0);
+}
+
-- 
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